Vilanova Artigas was not only one of the teachers involved in establishing the academic direction of the new school, but, along with Carlos Cascaldi, designed the school building itself in a style that came to be known as the Paulista School. Image © OWAR Arquitectosīrazilian architect João Batista Vilanova Artigas was teaching aesthetics, architecture, and planning at the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo when he and a group of other ambitious professors broke off to form the new Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo (FAU-USP). Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of São Paulo (FAU-USP): Paulista School/Brazilian Brutalism One of Mackintosh’s few built works is the original Glasgow School of Art building, which has suffered two devastating fires in recent years. So strong was Mackintosh’s stylistic influence upon the Glasgow School of Art that design work produced by its faculty, students, and alumni between 1890-1920 is collectively referred to as Glasgow Style art. Flower motifs, elongated forms, and strong verticality were the hallmarks of the movement. The Four, and Mackintosh in particular, eventually began to develop their own unique interpretation of Art Nouveau which became known as the Glasgow Style. The Four began designing as a part of the Arts and Crafts movement and eventually evolved to become some of the only designers producing in the Art Nouveau style in the United Kingdom, where the movement was not nearly as popular as in other parts of Europe. Image © Flickr user Dalbera licensed under CC BY 2.0 Save this picture! "The Wassail" by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Glasgow School of Art: Art Nouveau/Glasgow Style ![]() These buildings, and others in the Beaux-Arts style, are full of symmetry, classical ornamental details, arched doors and windows, statues, and sculpture, often recalling a multitude of historical styles at once. Architects such as Richard Morris Hunt and Henry Hobson (H.H.) Richardson marked the beginnings of an entire generation of architects who would utilize their Beaux-Arts training to design university campuses, libraries, museums, and other important public spaces in the States. Particularly, many architecture students from the United States ventured to study in Paris and therefore the Beaux-Arts style has had an especially strong influence on American architecture. The École attracted students from around the globe, who then returned to their homelands to disseminate the “ French” style internationally. ![]() Image © Wikimedia user Ad Mesken licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 Save this picture! Low Memorial Library at Columbia University. ![]() Similar to the Bauhaus, Vkhutemas was pressured to close its doors in 1930 and as its associates and alumni fled, its legacy was spread throughout eastern Europe and beyond.ģ. Well-known Russian constructivist architects include El Lissitzky and Vladimir Tatlin, though both are most recognized by their proposals and unbuilt work. Constructivist architecture combined technology with Communist ideals, becoming stylistically abstract and integrating geometric masses with symbols of modernity. Constructivism can be defined as a conscious effort to create art, as directly opposed to “autonomous art,” and often also incorporated socio-political motives. ![]() The push by the Soviet government for the economy in design led to the creation of minimalist, functional pieces with a “factory” aesthetic. The practical, industrial nature of the school’s work set the foundations for the constructivist movement. Save this picture! Vladimir Tatlin's Tower proposal. From Israel to the United States and many places between, numerous buildings were erected in the rational, functional style espoused by Mies and Gropius and are now under preservation for their historic significance. When the Bauhaus closed in the face of rising political pressure, its former faculty and students dispersed throughout the world, thus spreading the Bauhaus influence even further. In fact, part of a larger movement of German modernism known as Neues Bauen, the practices taught at the Bauhaus, in particular, spurred one of the most influential movements in not only architecture, but also art, design, and architectural education. Image© Flickr user End Userįrom 1919 to 1933 in the cities of Weimar, Dessau, and finally Berlin, Germany, the Bauhaus was led by such legendary figures as Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (as well as the oft-forgotten second director, Hannes Meyer), names which have since become inseparable from the International Style. Save this picture! Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye.
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